German U-Boat

No other vessel of war presented poorer living conditions than that of a U-boat. Each war patrol could take anywhere between three weeks to six months. During this time, U-boat crews were not able to bathe, shave or change their clothes. Its not difficult to imagine how unpleasant life would be for someone who had not taken a bath or had a change of clothing for six months.

The crew of a U-boat is made up of specialists and seamen. Specialist crew, such as radioman, torpedomen and machineman were responsible for the operation and maintenance of equipment aboard the U-boat. Other general duty tasks such as loading torpedoes, standing watch on the bridge, operating deck guns and housekeeping activities were performed by the seamen. Their workload was divided into several shifts, with the seamen working in three 8 hour shifts – one for sleeping, one for regular duties and one for miscellaneous tasks. Specialist crew, such as the two radiomen had three four hour shifts between 8am and 8pm, and two six hour shifts during the night.

U-boat food was the best and worst the military had to offer. Fresh bread called Kommissbrot had to be eaten quickly before it turned white.	A U-boat sets sail with four tons of provisions stuffed in every nook and cranny through the small hatches.	A crew having a saltwater sponge bath. A cologne was used (Kolibri) to control body odor.

Standing on watch duty during stormy weather was frowned upon by the crewmen. The harsh environment of the North Atlantic meant that icy waves constantly swept over the conning tower, completely submerging the boat and the watch crew for brief periods. They were issued with special foul-weather coats, but these did little to keep them dry. In addition, crewmen had little chance to dry their clothes during a patrol. The watch crews were secured by safety lines to keep them from being washed overboard.

Weather jacket and trousers made of specially treated leather.

Crew habitability ranked very low on the priority list of German U-boats. Fresh water was limited and strictly rationed for drinking, especially when they had opted to fill one of their water tanks with diesel fuel to extend their operational range. Washing and showering were not permitted, with all activities of shaving, laundry being postponed throughout the entire duration of the patrol. They were allowed only the clothes on their backs and a single change of underwear and socks. To remove salt from their skin caused by seawater exposure, crews were issued with special saltwater soap, but this was unpopular as it left a scummy film on the skin. To control body odour, a deodorant was used. Crew space was at a premium with each crew assigned one locker for personal belongings. And in order to maximize the limited space, the forward torpedo room also formed the crew quarters. But at the beginning of a patrol, six bunks had to be folded up to accommodate space for two additional torpedoes. Not until the first two torpedoes had been launched, that the spare torpedoes could be loaded into the torpedo tubes, freeing up the much needed bunks in the living quarters. With such limited bunks available, the crew often resorted to hot-bunking – where as soon as one person had crawled out, the next person would crawl in.

Privacy was non-existent. Bunks were laid out on the right and left of the busy walkway, and human traffic was common with crews getting forward and backward of the elongated U-boat. Only the captain was afforded any privacy. Made up of a simple curtain, it could be drawn over the captain’s quarters, but he still could hear what was going on the outside. The captain’s quarters was placed next to the control room and radio room, so he could quickly respond during an emergency.

Food aboard a U-boat was another interesting topic. At the beginning of a journey, as much food was cramped into every nook and cranny available in the U-boat. This resulted in one of the toilets being filled to capacity with food. They brought the best foods available with them, including fresh meat, sausages, bread loaves, fresh fruits and vegetables, but the small refrigerators meant that food spoilt quickly, especially in the damp environment of a U-boat. Very soon, fresh loaves of bread would sprout white fungi, which the crews promptly nicknamed as “Rabbits”, due to the white fuzzy appearance. By that time, food consisted mainly of canned goods supplemented by a soy based filler called Bratlingspulver. Issued by the military for U-boat crews, the crew unkindly referred to it as “diesel food”, due to the constant exposure of diesel exhaust that surrounded them.

Even going to the toilet was no simple feat. There was only one toilet available until the food stuffed in the second toilet had been eaten up. With forty to fifty crews sharing the same single toilet, unpleasant emergency situations were sure to occur. The flush system consisted of a hand pump, where the contents of the waste was hand pumped into the ocean after each use. Using the toilet was prohibited when stalking an enemy as it was feared that the noise of clanking metal or floating debris would alert the enemy to the presence of a U-boat.

Long war cruises took its psychological toll with many crews painting a vision of emptiness, except for the occasional marine life for company. Months would pass and there were no trees, no hills and no landfall where one could place his feet, except on the deck of the U-boat. Except for the excitement when hunting an enemy ship, or when being hunted themselves, crews passed time by listening to a record-player built into the boat, or by playing cards and organizing some weird games to keep their minds occupied. KL Wolfgang Luth went to as far as organizing singing and lying competitions where every man onboard had to participate. This took place when he undertook the longest war cruise of any U-boat – lasting over six months patrolling the Indian Ocean. He said later, that he tapped into his creative juices to keep his men’s minds away from home.

Commanders organized games and competitions to keep morale high and their minds away from home. On long patrols, maintaining morale was a delicate and important matter.	The forward torpedo room which also doubled up as the crew's quarters. Six bunks had to be folded up to accomodate two spare torpedoes.

By the end of a war patrol, crews would emerge with long beards, soiled uniforms and an array of other obnoxious physical characteristics. But it was this same repelling appearance, that earned them the respect of Donitz when he sees his men returning from a war patrol – for he knew what life aboard a U-boat was like.